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However then in 2019, van Dokkum’s group downgraded Dragonfly 44’s rotation pace using improved data. MOND was vindicated. “Dragonfly 44 is an instance of how these information evolve to agree with MOND,” mentioned McGaugh.
Nonetheless, for almost all of astronomers, who imagine in darkish matter, the slower rotation pace simply implied that Dragonfly 44’s halo is smaller than they thought. In 2020, an impartial group additional downsized the halo by counting dramatically fewer globular clusters, however van Dokkum disputes this end result. Although the halo’s measurement stays unsure, it might be much less large than initially supposed, suggesting that Dragonfly 44 isn’t a failed Milky Approach in any case.
Large Outdated Galaxy
A newly found oddity has compounded the thriller.
In a paper printed in August, van Dokkum’s group discovered Dragonfly 44 to be extraordinarily historic, having shaped between 10 billion and 13 billion years in the past.
However such an previous galaxy shouldn’t be as giant as Dragonfly 44 is. Early-universe objects are typically extra compact as a result of they shaped earlier than the universe’s fast growth.
Furthermore, such an previous, threadbare galaxy ought to have been utterly torn aside by now. That Dragonfly 44 has held collectively implies that it has a hefty darkish matter halo in any case — doubtlessly restoring the “failed Milky Approach” speculation. “That’s a extremely enjoyable rationalization, in order that’s why I prefer it, however I don’t know if it’s proper,” mentioned van Dokkum.
One other rationalization, the “excessive spin” speculation, posits that two small galaxies merged whereas rotating in the identical course, such that the ensuing galaxy, Dragonfly 44, acquired the angular momentum of each. This brought about it to rotate extra shortly, puffing it out and blowing out its star-making materials.
Dazzlingly Various UDGs
Amid the scrutiny of Dragonfly 44, astronomers have additionally cataloged an unlimited and numerous assortment of different ultra-diffuse galaxies. The findings are forcing them to conclude that galaxies kind in additional methods than they knew.
Some newfound UDGs appear to lack darkish matter fully. Van Dokkum’s group identified one such galaxy in 2018, then noticed a path of others close by. This Might, the workforce conjectured in Nature that the path shaped in a long-ago collision of two galaxies. The collision slowed down the circulate of the galaxies’ gasoline, however their darkish matter saved going as if nothing had occurred. The gasoline then compressed into clumps of stars, ultimately forming a string of darkish matter-free galaxies.
In the meantime, Bennet discovered two UDGs in 2018 that time to a distinct formation concept. In every case, tidal forces from a heavy close by galaxy appear to have ripped via the UDG, puffing it out and stealing its gasoline. (This may’t clarify Dragonfly 44, which sits too removed from heavy galaxies.)
Puzzlingly, a September paper reported current star formation in a UDG, contradicting the concept they solely harbor previous stars.
Such a variety of UDGs that look the identical outwardly however differ internally could validate darkish matter concept over MOND. “If the celebs are shifting very quick in a single galaxy, and really slowly within the different, that’s a giant drawback for these different theories,” van Dokkum mentioned.
McGaugh agreed that if there are “real outliers” among the many UDG inhabitants, “that’s certainly an issue for MOND.” Nonetheless, he added, “that doesn’t routinely make darkish matter a greater interpretation.”
Definitive solutions would require new telescopes. The newly operational James Webb Area Telescope has already noticed distant galaxies as they appeared once they had been forming within the early universe, which can assist check and refine the nascent concepts.
“The massive takeaway is that we nonetheless don’t know what’s on the market,” van Dokkum mentioned. “There are galaxies that we haven’t found which are very massive, very shut by, and have uncommon properties, and they aren’t in our present catalogs even in any case these a long time of learning the sky.”
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#Quanta #Journal
